Course content of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics
The program outlined, addresses both the knowledge needed in Orthodontics and allied Medical specialities in its scope. A minimum of three years of formal training through a graded system of education as specified, will equip the trainee with skill and knowledge at its completion to be practice basic orthodontics and have the ability to intelligently pursue further apprenticeship towards advanced Orthodontics.

SPREAD OF THE CURRICULUM

1. 6 months teaching of basic subjects including completion of pre-clinical exercises.
2. 2 ½ years of coverage or all the relevant topics in Orthodontics, clinical training involving treatment of padeats and submission of dissertation. These may be divided into block of 6 to 8 months duration each depending on the training policies of each institution.

II. PRE-CLINICAL EXERCISES
A general outline of the type of exercises is given here. Every institution can decide the details of exercises under each category.

• General Wire bending exercises to develop the manual dexterity
• Clasps, Bows and springs used in the removable appliances.
• Soldering and welding exercises.
• Fabrication of removable habit breaking, mechanical and functional appliances, also all types of space maintainers and space regainers.
• Bonw
• Models
• Cephalometric trags and various Analyses, also superimposition methods.
• typodont exercises like Band making, Bracket positioning
• Clinical Photograph
• Computerized imaging
• Preparation of surgicals splints, and splints for TMJ problems
• Handling of equipments like vacuum forming appliances and hydrosolder etc

III. ORTHODONTIC TOPICS

The under mentioned topics will be part of study in 3 year course. The educational methods recommended are: seminars, symposia’s, and workshops, review of literature and auto tutorials/self learning packages.

1. Orthodontic history, historical perspectives, evolution of orthodontic appliances, pencil sketch history of orthodontic peers, history of orthodontics in INDIA.
2. Facial growth and development: Overview of growth process and physiology of stomatognathic system from foetal period to maturity and old age Comprehensive study of craniofacial biology and pathophysiology, and survey of all contemporary literature.
3. Concepts of occlusion and esthetics, structure and function of all anatomic components of occlusion, mechanics of articulation, recording of masticatory function, diagnosis of occlusal dysfunction, relationship to TMJ anatomy and pathology and related neuromuscular physiology.
4. Social development, adolescent psychology, behavioral psychology and communication, motivation and psychological problems related to orthodontics.
5. Dentofacial anomalies: anatomical, psychological and pathological characteristics of major groups of develop-mental defects of the orofacial structures.
6. Applied genetics, principles of oro-facial genetics molecular basis of genetics, genetic risks, counseling, bioethics and relationship to Orthodontic management of patients.
   • Physical anthropology of Head and Neck.
   • Applied pharmacology
7. Etiology of malocclusion: A comprehensive review of the local and systemic factors in the causation of malocclusion.
8. Biology of tooth movement: A comprehensive review of the principles of tooth movement. Review of contemporary literature. Special emphasis on applied histophysiology of bone and PDI., molecular and ultra cellular consideration in tooth movement.
9. Basic principles of mechanotherapy: Dental materials- applied aspects as related to appliance construction. Design of rmovable and fixed orthodontic appliances and their manipulation. Survey of contemporary literature on treatment methods and results. Specifications of and test methods for materials used in orthodontics. Applied physical Bioengineering and metallurgy.
10. Orthodontic clinical examination, diagnosis and treatment planning: Emphasis on the process of data gathering, synthesis and translating it into a treatment plan. Problem cases- analysis of causes and management. Adult cases handicapped and mentally retarded and their special problems. Critique of treated cases.
11. Myofunctional orthodontics: Basic principles, contemporary appliances, their design and manipulation. Case selection and evaluation of the treatment results. Review of current literature.
12. Orthodontic/Orthodgnathic sufgery: Orthodontists role in conjoint diagnosis and treatment planning. Pre and Post surgical orthodontics: participation in actual clinical cases, progress evaluation and post retention study. Review of current literature.
13. Ortho/Perio/Prosthetic inter relationship: Principles of interdisciplinary patient treatment. Common problems and their management.
14. Dentofacial orthopedics: Principles, biomechanics, appliance design and manipulation. Review of contemporary literature.
15. Limited tooth movement: Removable appliances, their design, fabrication and management
16. Applied preventive aspects in orthodontics
17. Interceptive Orthodontics: Principles, growth guidance, diagnosis treatment planning and therapy emphasis on dentofacial problems and tooth material discrepancies and minor surgery for orthodontics.
18. Cephalometrics: Instrumentation, image processing, tracing and analysis of errors and applications. Radiation hygiene. Advanced cephalometric techniques. Comprehensive review of literature, video imaging principles and application.
19. Introduction to applied research methodology in Orthodontics. Experiment design, animal experiment protocols, and principles in the development, execution and interpretation of methodologies in orthodontics. Critical scientific appraisal of literature.
20. Applied bio-statistics for clinical orthodontics and research. Emphasis on experimental models, design and interpretation. Development of skills for preparing clear concise and cognent scientific abstracts and publication.
21. Retention and Relapse: Mechanotherapy- special reference to stability of results with various procedures. Post retention analysis. Review of contemporary literature.
22. Cleft lip and palate rehabilitation – Diagnosis and treatment planning. Mechanotherapy – special growth problems of cleft cases. Speech physiology, pathology and elements of therapy as applied to Orthoddontics and team rehabilitative procedures.
23. Practice management in Orthodontics: Economics and dynamics of solo and group practices. Personal management, materials management, public relations, professional relationship, dental ethics and jurisprudence. Office sterilization procedures and community based Orthodontics.
24. Recent advances like use of implants, lasers, application of F.E.M., Distraction osteo-synthesis etc. as related to orthodontics.

IV. The teaching program should be a structured one with following aspects clearly spelt out.

• Objectives and the expected learning outcome from each block of 6-8 months duration.
• Methods of teaching individual topics namely didactic lectures, seminars, journal club, tutorials, discussion, etc.
• Assessing method and the frequency of assessment.
• Remedial measures.

V. Clinical training in the following aspects

• Removable active appliances
• Removable functional appliances: i. Activator ii. Bionator iii. Function Regulator iv. Twin block and Newer developments.
• Fixed functional appliances.
• Dento-facial orthopedic appliances.
• Appliances for arch development such as molar distalising appliances.
• Retention procedures.

VI . Allocation of Patients Each postgraduate student should start a minimum of 40 cases of his/her own, additionally he/she should handle a minimum of 25 transferred cases. Active participation in or at least exposure to multi-disciplinary treatment is essential.

VII. Dissertation

• The protocol for dissertation should be submitted at the end of first year.
• The completed dissertation should be submitted 6 months before the final examination.
• The dissertation should not be just a repetition of a previously undertaken study but it should try explore some new aspects.
• The panel of examiners should approve the dissertation before the candidate appears for the University examination.

Recommended books pertaining to Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics:

1. WILLIAM R.PROFFIT. Contemporary Orthodontics
2. GRABER & VANARSDALL, orthodontics – Current Principles & Techniques
3. MOYERS, Text Book Orthodontics
4. GRABER, Orthodontics Principles and practice.
5. GRABER, PETROVIC. & RAKOSI Dentofacial Orthopedics with Functional Appliances
6. ATENASIOU EATHENASIOU, Orthodontic cephalometry
7. JACOBSON, Radiographic Cephalometry
8. RAKOSI, An Atlas And Manual of Cephalometric Radiography
9. ENLOW, Handbook of Facial Growth
10. EPKER & FISH, Dentofacial Deformities Vol. 1
11. PROFFIT & WHITE, Surgical Orthodontic Treatment
12. NANDA, Biomechanics in Clinical Orthodontics
13. NANDA & BURSTONE, Retention and stability in Orthodontics
14. OKESON, Management of T.M.Disorders And Occlusion
15. LOU NORTHON & DAVIDOWITCH, Biology of tooth movement
16. GERHARD PFIEFER, Craniofacial Abnormalities and clefts of the Lip, Alveolus and Palate.
17. OKESON, TMJ Disorders.

Reference books pertaining to Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics:

1. L. JOHNSTON, New Vistas in orthodontics
2. LEE GRABER, orthodontics – State of the Art-The Essence of Science
3. NIKOLAI, Bio Engineering Analysis ofOrthodontic Mechanics
4. M.RAKOSI & GRABER, A Color Atlas of Dental Medicine
5. BURSTONE, Modern Edgewise Mechanics andSegmented Arch Technique
6. W J CLARK, The Twin Block Functional Therapy
7. McNAMARA & BRUDON, mixed Dentition
8. R D ROBLEE, Interdisiplinary Dentofacil Therapy
9. NANDA, The Development Basics of Occlusion and Malocclusion
10. TIMMS, Rapid Maxillary Expansion
11. WILLIAMS & COOKS, Fixed OrthodonticAppliances
12. RICKETTS, Bioprogressive Therapy
13. VAN DER LINDEN, Quintessence Series
14. Michigan Center , Craniofacial Growth Series for human growth and Development
15. SALZMAN, Practice of Orthodontics Vol. II and I
16. ROHIT SACHDEVA, Orthodontics for the next millennium
17. SCHWIDLING, The Jasper Jumper
18. ROBERT RICKETTS, provocations and perceptions in Cranio-facial Orthopedics

Journals pertaining to Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics

1. American journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
2. Journal of Orthodontics (formerly British Journal of Orthodontics)
3. Angle Orthodontics
4. Journal of clinical Orthodontics
5. Journals of Indian orthodontic Society
6. Seminars in Orthodontics
7. Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
8. European Journal of Orthodontics
9. Australian Journal of Orthodontics
10. International Journal of Adult Orthodonnes and Orthognathic surgery
11. The Functional Orthodontist.